History Of Aparthied as It Refers To Cry the Beloved Country

Hope. It is the one thing that people have survived on for centuries. Without hope, the African Americans of the early 1800’s would have just succumbed to the will of the slave owners. This is why Mandela is considered such a great leader. Nelson Mandela’s message through his speeches was one of hope, which is the only thing the people of Ndotshemi have to thrive on (Chokshi). Alan Paton, the author of Cry the Beloved Country, also believed in hope bringing together the land of South Africa. There are many similarities between the novel and the real life occurrences of the South African Apartheid. In the book or in the real life Apartheid, someone came into the scene that was willing to help by assuming a leadership role, whether it is†¦show more content†¦With him came a sense of hope, which is just what Mandela brought to the South Africans in their severe time of need (US Congress 1996). nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Mandela really seems to believe that if the youth of the nation don’t realize their power, ground will ever be made in the unification of the whites and Afrikaners. The grandson is learning to speak Zulu, so as to unite the two worlds, which are thus intertwined. Nelson Mandela states in one of his many speeches, â€Å"I pay tribute to the endless heroism of youth, you, the young lions. You, the young lions, have energized our entire struggle.†(Mandela 1996) In the court where Absalom is sentenced, the one to help Kumalo is the young white man from the reformatory, breaking the racial divide, which had otherwise segregated the room. As the novel depicts, the youth of the area seem to be the only ones able to put aside their differences. They can accomplish this because the differences between the two divisions are getting blurrier with each generation. As shown in the book, people of different races can now seem to get along if they try hard enough, such as the case between Steven Kumalo and James Jarvis.(Paton Cry†¦) nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;â€Å"And so it has come to pass, that South Africa today undergoes her rebirth, cleansed of a horrible past, matured from a tentative beginning, and reaching out to the future with confidence,†(Mandela 1994) Nelson Mandela predicts. They

A Case of Juvenile Justice Essays - 1116 Words

Charlie – A Case in Juvenile Justice Melissa Thomas CJ420 – Juvenile Justice Prof. Amy Ng December 4, 2012 Abstract Children are gifts from above and need guidance and love. If either one is absent then they are at risk of becoming juvenile offenders or career criminals. The juvenile justice system has many players that facilitate the tools for a juvenile to use an offense as a learning experience. The juvenile encounters three important individuals; the juvenile police officer, probation officer and the judge. These three people dictate what happens to the youthful offender depending on his behavior during the juvenile justice process. â€Å"One good teacher in a lifetime may sometimes change a delinquent into a solid citizen.†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦show more content†¦Considering that the crime Charlie had committed is a class â€Å"B† misdemeanor and not a status offense the officer decided to press charges. As stated in the Texas Penal Code the crime of theft or shoplifting is a Class B misdemeanor if: 1. The value of the property stolen is: a. $50 or more but less than $500; or b. $20 or more but less than $500 and the defendant obtained the property by issuing or passing a check or similar sight order in a manner described by Section 31.06; or 2. the value of the property stolen is less than: a. $50 and the defendant has previously been convicted of any grade of theft; or b. $20, the defendant has previously been convicted of any grade of theft, and the defendant obta ined the property by issuing or passing a check or similar sight order in a manner described by Section 31.06; (Texas Penal Code - Section 31.03) Because of the severity of the offense in relation to the age of the offender it was a prudent decision for the officer to request the juvenile to appear in court. In the juvenile justice system the probation officer is assigned after the offender’s first court appearance. 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So once juvenile is making face to face contact with the police officers, his life is in the hands of that officer w ho can make very important and sometimeRead MoreJuvenile vs Adult Justice System Essay989 Words   |  4 PagesAdult Justice v Juvenile Justice System There is no question that if a person is involved in any type of crime they will at some time make their way through the justice system. However, when that person is an adolescent they will go through the juvenile justice system, as an adult would go through the adult justice system. Even though the crimes of each can be of the same manner or hold the same severity the punishment results can differ. The main reason for having the two different justiceRead MoreComment On The Juvenile Justice System943 Words   |  4 Pagesincreased punitiveness in juvenile justice. When is it appropriate to have cases involving murder or rape be heard in juvenile courts, and when should they be heard in adult court? Please be specific. It has been understood by society that juveniles have been committing more serious crimes while the juvenile justice system had also become lenient with juvenile offenders. They were only getting a ‘slap on the risk’ as some members of society interpreted it, by the juvenile justice. This therefore led toRead MoreThe Juvenile Justice System Is Creating A Criminal Class758 Words   |  4 PagesSuch reactions and critiques of the juvenile justice system enforce the notion that the juvenile system is creating a criminal class. Black’s theory states that patterns of relationships between the parties involved in a case predict the styles and forms of social control, relationships between intimates would result in more informal handling of cases. Law and formal control arise when informal control is weak and unavailable. Legal control by the state develops when social control of familiesRead MoreThe Juvenile Justice System And Juveniles1663 Words   |  7 Pagesthe criminal justice system and juveniles, there have been many landmark cases that have made a significant impact on the juvenile justice system. The cases arise from dealing with certain aspects that comes from handling juveniles entering the system. Since juveniles are very different from adults they have to deal with them a certain way and a case by case basis. The court cases concerning juveniles and the decisions that have come from them is what has made what the juvenile justice system is today

The Soul of The Lion, the Witch, and the Wardrobe Essay Example For Students

The Soul of The Lion, the Witch, and the Wardrobe Essay How many of us at one point have tried to convince somebody of something way out there? Whether it be the boogieman, that monster in your closet, Easter bunny, Santa Claus, or even God, it boils down to I swear I saw it! I swear! Thats how Lucy from The Lion, the Witch, and the Wardrobe felt as she stepped out of the wardrobe and tried to explain to her siblings what had just happened. We have all found ourselves in this predicament, special recognition to theists. Somebody who believes in God often finds themselves in this situation, trying to explain spirituality to somebody who has never experienced it is like explaining color to a blind person, its impossible. The modernists, heirs to the Age of Reason, they refuse to accept anything if it cannot be proven logically. They live with a complete lack of faith. To them, Christianity is nothing more then irrational superstition, a matter of inner, subjective feelings rather than any kind of truth about what exists in the real world (p g 196-197, The Soul of the Lion). This is nothing new to the world, masses of people have always thought If I cant see it, its not there and many theists have gotten stuck on this answer. They have come up with you cant see the wind, but you can feel it and see the effects of it, but with molecular research this has gone back to square one. So how can theists have any standing ground in the matter?There is one category of mysticism that everybody can relate to, story-telling. This is the one area that Christianity shines. The Bible is full of allegory, parables, love, death, salvation, you name it, it goes there. For thousands of years men and women have lived and died for this book and what it stands for. However with the Age of Reason it was left behind and labeled as creative story-telling. A man by the name of C.S Lewis published a book called The Lion, the Witch, and the Wardrobe in 1950. Since then it has been acclaimed as one of the greatest childrens books of all times, boas ting a total of 7 books in the collection, a cartoon series, and even a newly screened movie. This story has become popular with people from all walks of life, especially the Christian community, but why? Arent Christians bent against fairy-tales and mysticism? In most cases (Harry Potter) yes, they are. However this one is special. The Lion, the Witch, and the Wardrobe goes where few have. Its a giant tear jerking, edge of your seat, nail biting allegorical rendition of the ever so popular Christian Bible. Whether it was intended to be written as that is disputed. However it is a well known fact that C.S. Lewis was a born again Christian himself, so its argued in favor of it being written as interpreted by the Christian community. The story begins with four brothers and sisters, Peter, Edmund, Lucy and Susan. It takes place during World War II, in which the children have been relocated to an old mansion in refuge of the London bombings. During the course of which a wardrobe is found, not just any wardrobe, but one to another world all in its own, stumbled upon by the youngest, Lucy. When she tries to explain what amazing things she saw through the wardrobe she is labeled as just an imaginative child and her thought are dismissed (sound familiar?). She then gets Edmund, the mischievous brother, to go through with her. He meets the White Witch, who we will get to later. After they come back Lucy tells Edmund to tell the others of what they both saw. When attention turns towards him, he blatantly lies and denies it all. Saying that they were just playing, pretending there was a Narnia is all. The older siblings, Peter and Susan, worried about Lucy and her insisting that there is a Narnia; go to the professor for help. When they inquire to the professor about their sister Lucy, they are taken aback when he asks them how they know that what she has been saying isnt true. They have been assuming that a story about a world in the wardrobe just cant be true. They have been operating out of what their worldview allows them to believe, not out of any evidence or logical train of reasoning (pg 50). He mentions three possibilities: either Lucy is lying, or she is insane, or she is telling the truth. In his book Mere Christianity, Lewis applies this same logic to the claims of Christ. Either He is a liar, a lunatic, or the Son of God. Not that Lucy is a stand-in for Christ, or Narnia for heaven. But both in his nonfiction apologetics and in his radically fictional fantasy novels, Lewis is demonstrating how to think. Eventually all of the children make it through the wardrobe, where a series of dramatic events ensues. Narnia is consumed by winter; they are told it is because of the reign of the White Witch, the character Edmund met on his first visit to Narnia. They are told Aslan, the king of Narnia, is gone and the White Witch has taken rule over the land transforming it into a place of perpetual winter. The struggle between good and evil in this story is obvious, which makes it easy to relate it to the struggle between sin and virtue in the Bible. The White Witch needs the sons of Adam and the daughters of Eve (an obvious biblical reference) for her reign, and Aslan is there to free them. The White Witch is the ruler of Narnia as Satan is the ruler of earth, by conquest not by right. She is the beautiful queen of Narnia, and just as the devil Satan disguises himself as an angel of light (2 Cor. 11:14). Business ethics EssayAnd that is precisely what Christianity is about. This is a great sculptors shop. We are the statues and there is a rumor going round the shop that some of us are some day going to come to lifeOne of the revived citizens of Narnia is a giant with a rather large club proceeds to smash the walls of the castle and devastate the place. This whole scenario is a representation of the breathe of God being the breath of life (just as he breathed into Adam) and the smashing down of the barriers of sin. It can also be said that it is turning a hard, stone-like, sinful heart and replacing it as new. And I will give them one heart, and a new spirit I will put within them. I will remove the heart of stone from their flesh and give them a heart of flesh, that they may walk in my statutes and keep my rules and obey them. And they shall be my people, and I will be their God. (Ezek. 11:19-20)With the newly revitalized troupes, Aslan and the girls head to the battle. Upon their arrival they find a fierce find underway. During the course of the battle many soldiers are turned to stone, and Edmund injured badly. Earlier in the story they met a figure who, rather closely, depicted Santa Claus. He gave them all gifts, Peter a sword, Susan a bow, and Lucy an elixir. This elixir has more to it then just being magical healing water. After the battle Lucy goes up to the soldiers who have befallen the witches curse. As she pours the elixir onto them, they are revitalized. And like before, Aslan does his thing with the breath. But the elixir has tradition behind it. The device recalls the ancien t Christian practice of anointing with oil, which was done for the sick and sometimes accompaniment to baptism. This was considered symbolic of the anointing of the Holy Spirit (pg.110). After the battle we are then taken to the castle of Cair Paravel, where the four thrones reside. Aslan crowns them, and they take their places on the thrones. The sons and Daughters of Adam and Eve take their rightful places as sovereigns over the world of animals. More than that, they symbolize the Christians status as a royal priesthood (1 Peter 2:9), saints who will judge the world (1 Cor. 6:2), who will receive the crown of life (James 1:12). Aslan slips away, as Mr. Beaver explains he has other countries to attend to, he will often drop in, but he cannot be controlled. He is wild. He is not a tame lion. Lucy inquires to Mr. Beaver is he safe? and receives a reply of he is not safe, but he is good. This is one of the things modern day Christianity seems to have lost. As mentioned before, we have dumbed down God. When we think of God, we think of Jesus meek and mild. We forget that God is not just a humble servant, but a God of power and love. A God that can destroy the universe with a snap of his finger, who can cause plagues with a wave of his hand, and worldwide floods with a blink of an eye. However if we do as He says we need not worry about such things, for he is not tamed, oh no, but surely, He is good. The children spend years ruling over Narnia, and one day stumble across and old familiar lamppost, and some coats. As they pass back through the wardrobe the end up back in the professors house, seconds after they had left, with the housekeeper still storming after them for making a ruckus(why they hid in the first place). When they tell the professor about their adventure, they are excited to one day go back. But the professor also tells the children not to try to get back into Narnia. It will happen, he tells them, when they are not looking for it. That is to say, it is not a matter of works but of grace (pg 119) once a king in Narnia, always a king in Narnia, Just as your name shall never be erased from the lambs book of life. (To note, every cite was taken from The soul of the lion, the witch, and the wardrobe by Gene Edward Veith.)

Psycho Essays - English-language Films, Psycho, Alfred Hitchcock

Psycho An Analysis of the Opening Sequence from Alfred Hitchcock's Just like a building, a film needs a strong foundation in order to be successful, a foundation which is made up of the starting moments of the film. In Psycho, Alfred Hitchcock successfully uses the opening credit sequence to establish a foundation on which to build an interesting plot, including techniques to elicit involvement by the spectator, and the suggestion of a Psycho theme. A musical composition consisting of quick strokes on tightly wound violins, later used in the famous shower scene, starts to play at the beginning of the sequence. Names begin to slide on and off the screen in a series of horizontal and vertical lines. The top and bottom portions of the names slide onto the screen, followed by the middle portion. The last name to appear is that of Alfred Hitchcock, which settles in the middle of the screen and begins to twitch and flutter in an unusual manner. The credits then dissolve into a long shot of an auspicious section of an unknown city where a building is being constructed (paralleling the idea of Hitchcock shaping a foundation). As this dissolve takes place, a more subtle and mellow music (again composed of string instruments) fills the air, suggesting a stable environment. The sun burns brightly in the sky and a desert landscape is seen in the background through a haze. The shot immediately begins to pan slowly to the right, revealing more city rooftops and streets. As a dissolve zooms us slightly closer to the city and the camera continues to pan, small block letters appear on both sides of the screen and converge in the middle to read PHOENIX, ARIZONA. Hitchcock immediately brings the reoccurring theme of birds into the film by setting the scenery in Phoenix. The camera continues to pan to the right, now moving on to a more dreary side of the city. The next set of titles converges in the center of the screen, reading FRIDAY, DECEMBER ELEVENTH. As the panning continues, a slow zoom begins to bring us closer to one of the buildings. The last title appears in the same fashion as the preceding, TWO FORTY-THREE P.M. Yet another dissolve stops the camera on a rather unattractive wall, slowly zooming in on a window with Venetian blinds drawn down. A cut to a closer view of the window reveals an opening a few inches below the blind in which the camera continues to zoom in on, bringing us into a dark apartment room. Since we have grown accustomed to the bright sun outside, the apartment, in contrast, seems gloomy. The camera pans to the right at the same speed as before, allowing us to make out a couple of blurred objects. Now the picture begins to focus and we see the torso of a shirt less Sam Loomis standing next to a bed where a half-nude Marion Crane lies gazing upward at him. The first words are spoken while at the same time the mu sic comes to a halt. Never did eat your lunch, did you? says Sam. With this line a cut places the camera on a close-up of a small table on which lies a water pitcher, glasses, a paper cup, and a wrapped up uneaten sandwich. Marion answers, I've got to get back to the office. The first half of the opening sequence symbolizes the film's progress as a whole. We are taken from the broad surface view of Phoenix into the depths of its intricate workings. We go from beautiful daylight to a grim darkness. Furthermore, we move from a public and general view to a most private and intimate one, just as the movie will as it progresses. We even duplicate Norman Bates's later action of peeping through a hole to see Marion partially nude as we peep beneath the blind to see the same woman, again partially nude. Hitchcock successfully uses these opening camera shots to foreshadow later events in the film as well as suggest we are not totally unlike Norman. We too have erotic desires that possess our minds. Hitchcock explains that the line between our normal behavior and Norman's abnormal behavior

Is C the Most Common Answer on the SAT

Is C the Most Common Answer on the SAT SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips No doubt you’ve heard one piece of advice more than any other when it comes to test-taking: â€Å"If you need to guess on a multiple choice test, always pick C.† But is the popularity of this strategy an indication of its efficacy? Do you have a better chance at gaining points if you guess C on your SAT questions in comparison toany other guessing strategy? And if not, what can you do to improve your odds when guessing? Let’s look at the facts. Why You Should Answer Every Question on the SAT First things first: the old SAT is dead and gone, and so is any guessing penalty. You will not be penalized for getting a wrong answer on the SAT, so make sure to never leave a question blank! For every correct answer you choose, you’ll earn one point, and for every blank or wrong answer, you’ll earn zero points. If you don't know an answer and guess it wrong, you'll gain the same number of points that you would have had you left it blank (zero). And if you guess the question right, you'll earn yourself one point! Of course, guessing is still a last resort, sinceit’s always better to try to find the correct answer first whenever possible. But sometimes you’ll have no choice but to guess and that'swhere guessing strategy is key. There are two main types of guessing- educated guessing and blind guessing- and you’ll have to figure out which one to use based on the situation you find yourself in. So let's break down how and when to go about making each type of guess. Educated Guessing An educated guess is a guess based on some amount of reason and understanding, whether it be large or small. Typically, an educated guess means you’re able to eliminate one or more answer optionsor estimate a reasonable ballpark range in which the correct answer can lie. For instance, you can make an educated guess if you: Understand the gist of a question, but don't have the time to work through it completely Understand parts of a question, but don’t quite know how to work through it completely Are torn between a few answer options, but have some idea of what the answer can or can’t be For example, let's look at an SAT math problem: If you're not familiar with either the coordinate plane or slopes, or you just don't think you can solve this problem for any reason, then you can at least make an educated guess and increase your chances of picking the correct answer. It's all too easy to panic and choose an obviously wrong answerwhen you're taking a marathon test like the SAT, so try to take a beat and think strategically before you fill in a bubble. In a geometry problem like this, figures will generally be drawn to scale unless there's a specific line of text that says otherwise. If you know that coordinates are written as (x, y), then you know that p represents the value along the x-axis. (And if you didn't know this, then you can still infer it by seeing that the point (p, 0) has a rise of 0, which means thatp must be the value along the x-axis, not the y-axis.) You can immediately eliminate answer choices A and B, since they will be too small to equal p. Why? Ifyou eyeball where the -5 is along the x-axis and place a rough approximate at the opposite side on +5, you'll see why you can cross off A and B straight away. C or D must be the correctanswer because they are the only answer options where p is greater than 5. And, since the estimated location for +5 looks about halfway between 0 and p, Dis probably the best guess between the two options. [Spoiler: D is totally the right answer] Blind Guessing The second category of guesswork is blind guessing, which is a guess based more on chance than on reason. It's time to make a blind guess if you: Come up against a question and have absolutely no clue where to begin Areabout to run out of time and still have questions left to answer If you can’t eliminate any answer options (or don’t even have the time to read the question), you just have to fill in an answer bubble and keep going. Leaving a question blank is tantamount to throwing your points away, so you may as well fill in something. But when you have to make a blind guess like this (or multiple blind guesses), are you better off choosing C than any other answer choice? Let's see. Having a strategy makes any journey easier, and it's no exceptionfor the SAT Fact or Fiction: Is C the Most Common Answer on the SAT? If it were true that you're better off choosing C than any other letter, itwould mean that correct answer choices weren't randomly assigned.After all, if the answer keys were randomized, why should C be any more likely to be the right answer than any other letter option? Now, true randomization will depend on the type of test in question. Someof your high school teachers likely design their tests by hand, which means that their answer keys will not be statistically random. No matter how much your teachers may try to randomize their choices, human beings are NOT random and cannot properly randomize a series. For instance, a truly random sampling will actually produce bizarre strings of patterns- six B’s in a row, or twenty questions without a D- and most people do not (or cannot) create these patterns when they try their best to be â€Å"random.† Fortunately or unfortunately, this is NOT the case on the SAT. Unlike many of the tests you take in high school, SAT answer keys are completely computer generated. And computers are very good at being random. Every answer choice on the SAT will have a statistically even distribution of 1 in 4 for each answer choice letter, A, B, C, or D. In other words? There is no most common answer on the SAT. Ultimately, guessing C (or any letter!) will give you the correct answer only a statistical 25% of the time. Which means it's NOT true that choosing C will give you a better rate of success than choosing any other letter for your blind guessing. What to do, then? So How Should You Guess? If C isn't the most common answer on the SAT, then how should you guess? The truth is, that when it comes to making blind guesses, it doesn't matter which letter you pick, only that you stick to the one you choose every time you make a blind guess. The best strategy, and the one that will maximize your overall point gain, is to pick your favorite letter and fill it in for every blind guess. Whether that letter is A, B, C, or D doesn't matter- just be sure to stick with it every single time. So, if you like it best, then definitely go right ahead and choose C to be your designated letter! (Just don't expect C to be abetteranswer choice than A, B, or D.) But maybe youthinkthat this strategy soundsillogical. Why would you be better off filling in the same letter over and over again instead of doing your best to create a random guess spread? Let’s see. Once you pick a guessing path, just keep going forward and don't deviate! Why Does Sticking to One Letter Increase Your Odds of Guessing the Right Answer? Sticking by the same letter for every blind guess won’t increase your chances of getting any one particular question correct, but it will maximize your total point gain potential. Why? Because people aren’t random. If you’re making your own "random" blind guesses in a spread, you’ll almost certainly reduce your overall guessing odds. Your best attempt at random guessing can never replicate computer-generated randomness. By sticking to your same designated letter when making blind guesses, you are re-introducing an element of randomness and maximizing your chances for success over time. Let’s see this in action to better demonstrate why this works. Scenario: you’re down to the wire, and you’ve run out of minutes on the clock. You have 15 questions left and only a few seconds to bubble in your answers. There’s no time to even look at the questions, so now you’ll have to make the best blind guesses you can and figure out how to get as many points as possible before it’s pencils down. You’re left with two options: make a random guess spread, or fill in every letter with the same answer choice. Let’s see how each option does when compared to a real SAT answer guide [note: we are using the first 15 answers from the reading section of the 2016SAT test #1]. (Note: for our random spread, we tried to guess as randomly as we could without looking at the answer key, and for our consistent letter, we simply went with C.) â€Å"Random† Spread Consistent Guess (C) Correct Answers D C B A C B A C C D C A C C C B C D B C D B C B D C C C C B D C A A C B C C D B C A D C A By trying our best to guess randomly, we earned 2 points, but by sticking by a consistent choice of C, we earned 3 points (and spared ourselves the effort of trying to be "random"). Again, sticking to the same letter won't work better for each individual question, but on average and over a spread, the strategy will let you maximize your total point-gain. If you gotta roll the dice anyway, you may as well learnhow to do it in your favor The Take-Aways Is C the correct answer more often than any other? No. But is it the best letter to choose when you're in a bind and don't know what the right answer choice is? Well, yes and no. When it comes to making guesses, try to eliminate answer choices whenever possible. But if you can't, and you must make a blind guess, then stick to one letter and run with it every single time. If you want this letter to be C, then go right ahead! Just make sure you stick with it for each and every guess. C isn't any better or worse than any other letter, or any more likely to be the correct answer, but if you decide to stick with it for every blind guess you make, you'll have a better chance of success than if you try your best to be "random." What's Next? You've learned how to make the best possible guess on the SAT when you're in a bind, but remember that eliminating answer choices is always better! Check out our guideto eliminating answer optionson the SAT. Want more SAT practice? We've gotall the SATs available online, free and available for you to take aspractice. Not sure what SAT score to aim for? 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Ionization Energy of the Elements

Ionization Energy of the Elements The ionization energy, or ionization potential, is the energy required to completely remove an electron from a gaseous atom or ion. The closer and more tightly bound an electron is to the nucleus, the more difficult it will be to remove, and the higher its ionization energy will be. Key Takeaways: Ionization Energy Ionization energy is the amount of energy needed to completely remove an electron from a gaseous atom.Generally, the first ionization energy is lower than that required to remove subsequent electrons. There are exceptions.Ionization energy exhibits a trend on the periodic table. Ionization energy generally increases moving from left to right across a period or row and decreases moving top to bottom down an element group or column. Units for Ionization Energy Ionization energy is measured in electronvolts (eV). Sometimes the molar ionization energy is expressed, in J/mol. First vs Subsequent Ionization Energies The first ionization energy is the energy required to remove one electron from the parent atom. The second ionization energy is the energy required to remove a second valence electron from the univalent ion to form the divalent ion, and so on. Successive ionization energies increase. The second ionization energy is (almost) always greater than the first ionization energy. There are a couple of exceptions. The first ionization energy of boron is smaller than that of beryllium. The first ionization energy of oxygen is greater than that of nitrogen. The reason for the exceptions has to do with their electron configurations. In beryllium, the first electron comes from a 2s orbital, which can hold two electrons as is stable with one. In boron, the first electron is removed from a 2p orbital, which is stable when it holds three or six electrons. Both of the electrons removed to ionize oxygen and nitrogen come from the 2p orbital, but a nitrogen atom has three electrons in its p orbital (stable), while an oxygen atom has 4 electrons in the 2p orbital (less stable). Ionization Energy Trends in the Periodic Table Ionization energies increase moving from left to right across a period (decreasing atomic radius). Ionization energy decreases moving down a group (increasing atomic radius). Group I elements have low ionization energies because the loss of an electron forms a stable octet. It becomes harder to remove an electron as the atomic radius decreases because the electrons are generally closer to the nucleus, which is also more positively charged. The highest ionization energy value in a period is that of its noble gas. Terms Related to Ionization Energy The phrase ionization energy is used when discussing atoms or molecules in the gas phase. There are analogous terms for other systems. Work Function - The work function is the minimum energy needed to remove an electron from the surface of a solid. Electron Binding Energy - The electron binding energy is a more generic term for ionization energy of any chemical species. Its often used to compare energy values needed to remove electrons from neutral atoms, atomic ions, and polyatomic ions. Ionization Energy Versus Electron Affinity Another trend seen in the periodic table is electron affinity. Electron affinity is a measure of the energy released when a neutral atom in the gas phase gains an electron and forms a negatively charged ion (anion). While ionization energies may be measured with great precision, electron affinities are not as easy to measure. The trend to gain an electron increases moving from left to right across a period in the periodic table and decreases moving from top to bottom down an element group. The reasons electron affinity typically becomes smaller moving down the table is because each new period adds a new electron orbital. The valence electron spends more time further from the nucleus. Also, as you move down the periodic table, an atom has more electrons. Repulsion between the electrons makes it easier to remove an electron or harder to add one. Electron affinities are smaller values than ionization energies. This puts the trend in electron affinity moving across a period into perspective. Rather than a net release of energy when an electron is gain, a stable atom like helium actually requires energy to force ionization. A halogen, like fluorine, readily accepts another electron.

Business communication assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Business communication - Assignment Example Currently I am working for Department for Naturalisation and Residency Dubai as an internal auditor. This position is extremely difficult to acquire, but I got the position on merit. This was made largely possible due to the excellent education I got from University of Sharjah. During my time at the university, I was able to considerably improve my English and Arabic skills with my interaction with American and fellow Arab students. I would also like to draw your attention towards my good observation skills which help me becoming member of Dubai Sama Media Group and member of Dubai Chess Club. These skilled helped me streamline the operating environment of Dubai customs where I helped the company to reduce unnecessary paperwork and tried to help the company to move towards more efficient operation. My help was greatly appreciated there and average time of completing a task was significantly reduced due to decreased paperwork and formalization. I am someone who give great importance t o time management and have demonstrated excellent leadership skills in my current organization. In the end, I would like to tell you I would be delighted to work with your excellent organization.